(王伟)学案3

U16语法系列（过去完成时）　　

                  王伟　　

过去完成时是用来表示在过去某一时刻或过去某一动作之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。其构成形式为“助动词had +过去分词”。请仔细分析下列句子，注意句中划线部分与黑体部分之间的时间关系。　　

       Most of the guests had left when Tom arrived at the party.　　

       By the 13th century, printing had been developed further.　　

【解析】 句1中的黑体部分用了一般过去时，划线部分表示的动作发生在黑体部分表示的动作之前，所以主句用过去完成时。句2中的黑体部分表示的是过去某个时间，划线部分的动作发生在这一时间之前，所以主句用过去完成时。　　

       使用过去完成时时，需要注意以下几种情况：　　

1． 要注意一般过去时与过去完成时的区别。　　

1） 一般过去时表示在过去时间发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去完成时则表示在过去某一事件或动作之前已完成的动作或状态，即“过去的过去”。当强调过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前时，常用过去完成时。如：　　

       The class had already begun when I came to school. 当我到学校的时候，已经开始上课了。　　

2) 一般过去时和过去完成时都可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用，但侧重点有所不同。试比较：　　

① They had done the work at five o’clock.　　

② They did the work at five o’clock.　　

       句1强调动作的完成，即工作在五点钟已经完成，并未说明工作是什么时候做的；句2明确告诉我们，工作是在五点钟做的。　　

2． 在含有由after, as soon as, before, now, now that, when, until等引导的主从复合句中，如果主、从句的谓语动词表示的动作均是发生在过去的某一时间，那么先发生的动作通常用过去完成时，而后发生的动作通常用一般过去时。如：　　

He left the room after he had turned off the lights.　　

他在关灯后离开了房间。　　

3． 过去完成时可表示未曾实现的愿望或想法。有此用法的动词有expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, promise, suppose, think, want等。如：　　

       I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at that moment.　　

       我本想帮助你，但当时太忙了。　　

4． 过去完成时也用于“hardly ... when ...”,“no sooner ... than ...”, “ It was the first time that + 从句”等一些固定句式中。如：　　

       I had hardly got home when it began to snow.　　

       我一回家就下雪了。　　

       It was the first time that he had ever spoken to a foreigner. 　　

       这是他第一次同外国人讲话。　　

高考真题再现：　　

1. John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3,000 more than he ____ for the wedding.                               (2006全国卷II)　　

A. will plan                                B. has planned　　

C. would plan                            D. had planned　　

2. — Did Linda see the traffic accident?(天津2006)　　

— No, no sooner ____ than it happened.　　

A. had she gone                         B. she had gone　　

C. has she gone                          D. she has gone　　

3. The play had already been on for quite some time when we ____ at the New Theatre.(浙江2007)　　

A. have arrived            B. arrived      C. had arrived              D. arrive　　

4. They became friends again that day. Until then, they ____ to each other for nearly two years.        (安徽2007)　　

A. didn’t speak                         B. hadn’t spoken　　

C. haven’t spoken                     D. haven’t been speaking　　

5. — Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friend yesterday?　　

  — Yes, he did. He ____ his old friends for a long time.  (重庆2007)　　

A. didn’t see                            B. wouldn’t see　　

C. hasn’t seen                          D. hadn’t seen　　

6. The young girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. She ____ before. (广东2006)　　

A. hasn’t flown                             B. didn’t fly　　

C. hadn’t flown                            D. wasn’t flying　　

Key:  1-3 DAB    4-6 BDC