高二英语语法讲练之直接引语与间接引语

直接引语和间接引语的用法　　

直接引语：直接引用别人的话,并在原话前后加引号。
   例：He said,“It is too late.”

间接引语：通过第三者转述别人的话,多数以宾语从句的形式构成。
   例：He said it was too late.

直接引语与间接引语相互转化时应注意的问题。

1.人称的变化。
主语为第一人称的直接引语，变间接引语时，人称要做相应调整。
例如：
直接引语She said,“I am hungry.”
间接引语She said she was hungry.
直接引语Mum said to me,“You can clean your bedroom tomorrow.”
间接引语Mum told me that I could clean my bedroom the next day.

2.时态变化          
直接引语变间接引语时，间接引语的时态要与主句的时态一致.当主句为过去时，从句要跟着相应的变化,变化如下：
一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
一般将来时 过去将来时
一般过去时 过去完成时
过去完成时 不变
过去进行时 不变

(am/is—was, are—were, do/does—did, can—could, will—would, 动词原形—动词过去式)

1) “I am very glad to visit your school”, she said.
   She said that she was very glad to visit our school.
2) Tom said,“We are listening to the pop music.”
   Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.
3) Mother asked,“Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?”
   Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.
4) He asked the conductor,“Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?”
   He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus.
5) “Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked.
   The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.
6) Mother asked me,“Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?”
   Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.　　

注意：
1) 直接引语为客观真理时，间接引语时态不变，仍用一般现在时。例如：
   Teacher said to us,“The moon moves round the earth.”
   Teacher told us the moon moves round the earth.
   The teacher said to us,“Light travels faster than sound.”
   The teacher said that light travels faster than sound.
2) 直接引语为一般过去时并且与具体时间状语连用时，间接引语仍用一般过去时。
   例如：She said,“I went to England in 1998.”
   She said she went to England in 1998.
3) 主句为一般现在时或一般将来时的时候，间接引语时态不变。
    He says,“I bought you a book yesterday.”
   He says that he bought me a book yesterday.　　

3. 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化。

this—that, these—those, here—there, today—that day,
tomorrow—the next day, next week—the next week， come—go等）

4. 句式上的变化

1) 陈述句变间接引语时，用that连接, that无实际意义，可省略。
例Lana said,“I am mad at Marcia.”
   Lana said (that) she was mad at Marcia.
   He said,“We are good at English.”
   He said (that) they were good at English.
   She said to me,“She does her homework every night.”
   She told me(that)she did her homework every night.
   He said,“I go to school by bus.”   
   He said (that) he went to school by bus.

2) 一般疑问句，选择疑问句变间接引语时，要用陈述语气，并要加连词if或whether。
例She asked me,“Are you Mr. Li?”
   She asked me if I was Mr. Li.
   She asked us,“o you want to go on a picnic?”
   She asked us if we wanted to go on a picnic.
3) 特殊疑问句变间接引语要用特殊疑问词引导。
例 “How much have we spent on petrol this year,”Susan asked her husband.
Susan asked her husband how much they had spent on petrol that year.
   He asked me,“What time is it now?”
   He asked me what time it was then.

注意：转述问句时后面用陈述句语序。

4) 祈使句变间接引语，一改二变三加四去。　　

一改：said (to) 改为asked或told
二变：said to的宾语或呼语变为asked等的宾语
三加：即在动词原形前加to，使成为动词不定式
四去：去掉please
例He said to her,“Don’t take the book away, please.”
   He asked her not to take the book away.
   He said to me,“Please do it again.”
   He told/asked me to do it again.
   The teacher said,“Don’t talk in class, Tom.”
   The teacher told/asked Tom not to talk in class.

注意：if和whether都可译为“是否”，二者引导宾语从句时通常可以互相替换，口语中多用if代替whether。 而以下几种情况中, 只能用whether:
1. 强调两方面的选择，特别是句中有or not时。如：
   Let me know whether you can come or not.
2. 宾语从句前置时。如：
   Whether this is true, I can’t say.
3. 引导主语、表语、同位语从句时。如：
   Whether the football game will be played depends on the weather.（主语从句）
   The question is whether he can do it.（表语从句）
   The question whether we should go with them must be decided at once.（同位语从句）
4. 在介词之后作介词的宾语时。如：
   I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.
5. 在不定式前与不定式一起组成词组时。如：
   Whether to go or stay is still a question.
值得注意的是：if还可以引导条件状语从句，是“假如；如果”之意，而whether可以引导让步状语从句，是“不管；无论”之意。如：
   If you ask him, he will help you.
   I shall go, whether you come with me or stay at home.　　

、把下列的句子变成间接引语：
1. “I'm leaving for 　　London　　 next week.”My sister said to me.
2. John said,“Mr. Smith has come here.”
3. She said,“Do you want me to help you?”
4. “Did the man in the shop understand him at last?”She said.
5. Mum said,“Can you speak English?”
6. “How many people are there in your family?”He asked the boy.
7. “Don't worry.”The mother said to the children.
8. He said,“Please give me a book.”

二、把下列句子变成直接引语：
1. She told us to stop writing and listening to her.
2. She asked me which one I liked the best.
3. He asked whether I had watched TV the night before.
4. Jim asked me if I was busy that day.
5. The old worker told us not to forget the past.
6. Pick said that he would take Mary there the next time.
7. Father asked me who had broken the window.

三．单项选择
1. Where was 　　Alice　　's sister? I don't know where ________.
A. was 　Alice　's sister     B. Alice's sister was
C. is 　Alice　's sister      D. 　　Alice　　's sister is
2. What did he say? I don't know what _________.
A. did he say   B. he says    C. he has said   D. he said
3. I don't know ___________.
A. the reason why can be                 B. why the reason may be
C. what the reason can be                D. what the reason may be
4. I wonder ___________. which of the following is not the right choice?
A. whether she will be fit for the job or not    
B. whether or not will she be fit for the job
C. if she will be fit for the job
D. what she will be fit for the job
5. Is Mr. Wu from 　　Beijing　　? I don't know ________.
A. where does he come from               B. from where does he come
C. which city he comes from              D. what city he comes from
6. Can you make sure ___________?
A. that he will come here today          B. when he will come here today
C. will he come here today               D. whether will he come here today
7. Do you happen to know ________?
A. where is her address                  B. in which place is her address
C. what her address is                   D. the place her address is
8. Excuse me, but can you tell me ___________?
A. where can I get to the library        B. where I can get to the library
C. how can I get to the library          D. how I can get to the library
9. John asked me _______ to visit his uncle's farm with him.
A. how would I like                      B. if or not would I like
C. whether I would like                  D. which I would like
10. I'd like to know ________ Chinese.
A. when he began to learn               B. when did he begin to learn
C. when did he begin learning           D. for how long he began to learn
11. Do you know ________?
A. when will they come                  B. when would they come
C. when they will come                  D. when did they come
12. Father asked Bob ________.
A. which one did he like best           B. which one he liked best
C. which one he likes best              D. which one does he like best
13. Do you know ________ at the moment?
A. what are they doing                  B. what they do
C. what they are doing                  D. what do they do
14. Tony asked Mary ________.
A. where she lived                      B. where did she live
C. where does she live                 D. where she lives
15. I want to know ________.
A. who is she looking for               B. who she is looking
C. who is she looking                   D. who she is looking for
16. I don’t know where ________.
A. works Mr Brown                       B. does Mr Brown work
C. worked Mr Brown                      D. Mr Brown works
17. Have you decided ________ for 　　Canada　　?
A. when will you leave                  B. when you will leave
C. when are you leaving                 D. when you leaving
18. The shopkeeper told Lily ________.
A. that we would help them              B. that we can help them
C. that we help them                    D. that would we help them
19. Would you please tell me ________?
A. if he came back                      B. when did he came back
C. whether would he come back           D. when will he come back
20. Can you tell your mother ________?
A. what time do you arrive home        B. what time did you arrive home
C. when you arrived home               D. when you arrive home
21. Andy really didn't know ________ to help the dying old woman.
A. what to do   B. how could he do  C. whether he can do   D. what can he did
22. I wonder ________ next time.
A. what can I do   B. how can I do    C. what to do it    D. how to do it
23. Jim asked Lucy ________ feed their cat.
A. didn't forget to   B. isn't forget to   C. not to forget to D. not forget to
24. I don't know ________ that book.
A. where we can find                    B. can we find where
C. where can we find                    D. we can find where

四、把直接引语改为间接引语
1. “Who are you going to see the film with?” Could you tell me？
   Could you tell me _____________________________________________________?
2. “We will visit Aunt Wang this afternoon.” Kelly said to her brother.
   Kelly ________ her brother ________________________________________________.
3. The conductor said to them,“Show me your tickets.”
The conductor ________ them ________________________________________________.
4. “Would you like to join us?” I asked the stranger.
   I asked the stranger ________________________________________________________.
5. “Ice gets into water when it's over zero.” I learned.
   I learned ________________________________________________________________.
6. “Please take good care of you little sister.” Mum said to Kate.
   Mum ________ Kate ________________________________________________________.

答案：
一 （略）
二 （略）
三 1-5 B D D A C 6-10 B C D C A 11　-15 C　 B C A D 16-20 D B A A C 21　-24 A　 D C A
四 （略）